### On Pre-generalized c*-closed Sets in Topological Spaces

S. Malathi1 and S. Nithyanantha Jothi2

2Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Aditanar College of Arts and Science, Tiruchendur-628215, Tamilnadu, INDIA
email: malathis2795@gmail.com nithananthajothi@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this paper is to introduce the notion of pre-generalized c*-closed sets in topological spaces and study their basic properties.

Keywords: c*-open sets, gc*-closed sets and pgc*-closed sets.

1.INTRODUCTION

In 1963, Norman Levine introduced semi-open sets in topological spaces. Also in 1970, he introduced the concept of generalized closed sets. Bhattacharya and Lahiri introduced and study semi-generalized closed (briefly, sg-closed) sets in 1987. Palaniappan and Rao introduced regular generalized closed (briefly, rg-closed) sets in 1993. In the year 1996, Andrijevic introduced and studied b-open sets. Gnanambal introduced generalized pre-regular closed (briefly gpr-closed) sets in 1997. In this paper we introduce pre-generalized c*-closed sets in topological spaces and study its basic properties.
Section 2 deals with the preliminary concepts. In section 3, pre generalized c*-closed sets are introduced and their basic properties are discussed

2. PRELIMINARIES

MAIN RESULTS

Throughout this paper X denotes a topological space on which no separation axiom is assumed. For any subset A of X, cl(A) denotes the closure of A, int(A) denotes the interior of A, pcl(A) denotes the pre-closure of A and bcl(A) denotes the b-closure of A. Further X∖A denotes the complement of A in X. The following definitions are very useful in the subsequent sections.

Definition: 2.1 A subset A of a topological space X is called

1. a semi-open set7 if A⊆cl(int(A)) and a semi-closed set if int(cl(A))⊆A.
2. a pre-open set13 if A⊆int(cl(A)) and a pre-closed set if cl(int(A))⊆A.
3. a regular-open set15 if A=int(cl(A)) and a regular-closed set if A=cl(int(A)).
4. a γ-open set9 (b-open set1) if A⊆cl(int(A))∪int(cl(A)) and a γ-closed set (b-closed set) if int(cl(A))∩cl(int(A))⊆A.
5. a π-open set19 if A is the finite union of regular-open sets and the complement of π-open set is said to be π-closed.

Theorem 2.210 A subset A of a topological space X is said to be a c*-open set if int(cl(A))⊆A⊆cl(int(A)).

Definition: 2.3 A subset A of a topological space X is called

1. a generalized closed set (briefly, g-closed)8 if cl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is open in X.
2. a regular-generalized closed set (briefly, rg-closed)14 if cl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is regular-open in X.
3. a generalized pre-regular closed set (briefly, gpr-closed)5 if pcl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is regular-open in X.
4. a regular generalized b-closed set (briefly, rgb-closed)12 if bcl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is regular-open in X.
5. a regular weakly generalized closed set (briefly, rwg-closed)17 if cl(int(A))⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is regular-open in X.
6. a semi-generalized b-closed set (briefly, sgb-closed)6 if bcl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is semi-open in X.
7. a weakly closed (briefly, w-closed) set16 (equivalently, g-closed set20) if cl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is semi-open in X.
8. a semi-generalized closed set (briefly, sg-closed)3 if scl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is semi-open in X.
9. a generalized semi-closed (briefly, gs-closed) set2 if scl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is open in X.
10. a (gs)*-closed set4 if cl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is gs-open in X.
11. The complements of the above mentioned closed sets are their respectively open sets.

Definition: 2.410 Odd-Graceful labeling of complete 2-point projection on the disjoint vertices of 2-layered 3C4 - snake A subset A of a topological space X is said to be a generalized c*-closed set (briefly, gc*-closed set) if cl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is c*-open. The complement of the gc*-closed set is gc*-open11

3. PRE-GENERALIZED C*-CLOSED SETS

In this section we introduce pre-generalized c*-closed sets in topological spaces. Also, we discuss about some of their basic properties.

Definition: 3.1 A subset A of a space X is said to be pre-generalized c*-closed (briefly, pgc*- closed) if pcl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is c*-open.

Example: 3.2 Let X={a,b,c} with topology τ={Φ,{b},{c},{b,c},X}. Then the pgc*-closed sets are Φ,{a},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c},X.

Proposition: 3.3 Let X be a topological space. Then every w-closed (equivalently, ĝ-closed) set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a w-closed set. Let H be a c*-open set containing A. Since every c*-open set is semi-open, we have H is semi-open. Then cl(A)⊆H. Since pcl(A)⊆cl(A), we have pcl(A)⊆H. Therefore, A is pgc*-closed.
The converse of the Proposition 3.3 need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example: 3.4 Let X={a,b,c,d,e} with topology τ={Φ,{a,b},{c,d},{a,b,c,d},X}. Then, the subset {a,b,c} is pgc*-closed but not w-closed.

Proposition: 3.5 Let X be a topological space. Then every (gs)*-closed set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a (gs)*-closed set. Then cl(A)⊆U whenever A⊆U and U is gs-open. Let H be a c*-open set containing A. Since every c*-open set is gs-open, we have H is gs-open. Then cl(A)⊆H. Since pcl(A)⊆cl(A), we have pcl(A)⊆H. Hence A is pgc*-closed.
The following example shows that the converse of the Proposition 3.5 is not true.

Example: 3.6 Let X={a,b,c,d} with topology τ={Φ,{a},{b},{a,b},{b,c},{a,b,c},{a,b,d},X}. Then the subset {a,c} is pgc*-closed but not (gs)*-closed.

Proposition: 3.7 Let X be a topological space. Then every closed set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a closed set. Since every closed set is w-closed, we have A is w-closed. Then, by Proposition 3.3, A is pgc*-closed.
The converse the Proposition 3.7 need not be true and is proved by the following example.

Example: 3.8 Let X={a,b,c,d} with topology τ={Φ,{a},{b},{a,b},{b,c},{a,b,c},{a,b,d},X}. Then the subset {a,b} is pgc*-closed but not closed.

Proposition: 3.9 Let X be a topological space. Then every π-closed set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a π-closed set. Then A is closed. Hence, by Proposition 3.7, A is pgc*-closed. The

converse of the

Proposition 3.9 need not be true, which can be verified from the following example.

Example: 3.10 In Example 3.8, the subset {a,b,c} is pgc*-closed but not π-closed.

Proposition: 3.11 Let X be a topological space. Then every regular closed set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a regular closed set. Since every regular closed set is closed, we have A is closed. Hence, by Proposition 3.7, A is pgc*-closed.
The converse of the Proposition 3.11 is not true as shown in the following example.

Example: 3.12 In Example 3.8, the subset {c} is pgc*-closed but not regular closed.

Proposition: 3.13 Let X be a topological space. Then every gc*-closed set is pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a gc*-closed set. Let H be a c*-open set containing A. Then cl(A)⊆H. Since pcl(A)⊆cl(A), we have pcl(A)⊆H. Therefore, A is pgc*-closed.
The converse the Proposition 3.13 need not be true and is proved by the following example.

Example: 3.14 Let X={a,b,c,d} with topology τ={Φ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,c},{a,b,c},X}. Then the subset {c} is pgc*-closed but not gc*-closed.
Proposition: 3.15 Let X be a topological space. Then every pgc*-closed set is gpr-closed.

Proof: Let A be a pgc*-closed set. Let U be a regular open set containing A. Since every regular open set is c*-open, we have U is c*-open. Then, pcl(A)⊆. Hence A is gpr-closed. The converse of the Proposition 3.15 need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example: 3.16 Let X={a,b,c,d,e} with topology τ={Φ,{a},{d},{e},{a,d},{a,e},{d,e}, {a,d,e},X}. Then the subset {a,b} is gpr-closed but not pgc*-closed.

Proposition: 3.17 Let X be a topological space. Then every pgc*-closed set is rgb-closed.

Proof: Let A be a pgc*-closed set. Then pcl(A)⊆H whenever A⊆H and H is c*-open. Let U be a regular open set containing A. Then U is c*-open. This implies, pcl(A)⊆U. Since every pre-closed set is b-closed, bcl(A)⊆pcl(A). Then bcl(A)⊆U. Therefore, A is rgb-closed.
The following example shows that the converse of the Proposition 3.17 is not true.

Example: 3.18 Let X={a,b,c,d} with topology τ={Φ,{a},{b},{a,b},{b,c},{a,b,c},{a,b,d},X}. Then the subset {a} is rgb-closed but not pgc*-closed.

The union of two pgc*-closed subsets of a space X need not be pgc*-closed. For example, let X={a,b,c,d,e} with topology τ={Φ,{a,b},{c,d},{a,b,c,d},X}. Then the subsets {a} and {b} are pgc*-closed sets but their union {a,b} is not a pgc*-closed set.

The intersection of two pgc*-closed subsets of a space X need not be pgc*-closed. For example, let X={a,b,c,d,e} with topology τ={Φ,{a,b},{c,d},{a,b,c,d},X}. Then the subsets {a,b,c} and {a,b,d} are pgc*-closed sets but their intersecion {a,b} is not pgc*-closed.

Proposition: 3.19 If a subset A of a space X is pgc*-closed, then pcl(A)\A does not contain any non-empty c*-open set in X.

Proof: Assume that A is a pgc*-closed set in X. Suppose H is a c*-open set such that H⊆ pcl(A)\A and H≠ϕ. Then, H⊆X⊆A. This implies, A⊆X⊆H. Since H is c*-open, we have X⊆H is c*-open. Also, since A is pgc*-closed and A⊆X⊆H, we have pcl(A)⊆X⊆H. This implies, H⊆X\pcl(A). Then H⊆pcl(A)∩(X\pcl(A))=Φ, which is a contradiction. Hence pcl(A)\A does not contain any non-empty c*-open set in X.

Proposition: 3.20 Let X be topological space. Then for any element p∈X, the set X\{p} is either pgc*-closed or c*-open.

Proof: Suppose X\{p} is not a c*-open set. Then X is the only c*-open set containing X\{p}. This implies, pcl(X∖{p})⊆X. Hence X\{p} is a pgc*-closed set in X.

Proposition: 3.21 Let A be a pgc*-closed set in a topological space X. Then A is pre-closed if and only if pcl(A)\A is c*-open.

Proof: Suppose A is pre-closed. Then, pcl(A)=A. This implies, pcl(A)\A=Φ, which is c*- open. Conversely, suppose that pcl(A)\A is c*-open. Since A is pgc*-closed, by Proposition 3.19, pcl(A)\A=Φ. This implies, A=pcl(A). Hence A is pre-closed.

Proposition: 3.22 Let X be a topological space. If A is pgc*-closed subset of X such that A⊆B⊆pcl(A), then B is a pgc*-closed set in X.

Proof: Let H be a c*-open set containing B. Then A⊆H. Since A is pgc*-closed, we have pcl(A)⊆H. Since B⊆pcl(A), we have pcl(B)⊆H. Therefore, B is a pgc*-closed set in X.

Proposition: 3.23 Let X be a topological space. If Φ and X are the only c*-open sets, then all the subsets of X are pgc*-closed.

Proof: Let A be a subset of X. If A=Φ, then A is pgc*-closed. If A ± Φ, then X is the only c*- open set containing A. This implies, pcl(A)⊆X. Hence A is pgc*-closed.
The converse of the Proposition 3.23 need not be true as seen from the following example.

Example: 3.24 Let X={a,b,c,d}. Then, clearly τ={Φ,{a},{b},{c},{a,b},{a,c},{b,c},{c,d}, {a,b,c}, {b,c,d},{a,c,d},X} is a topology on X. Here all the subsets of X are pgc*-closed but the c*-open sets are Φ,{a},{b},{a,b},{c,d},{a,c,d},{b,c,d},X.

Proposition: 3.25 A subset A of a space X is pgc*-closed if and only if for each A⊆H and H is c*-open, there exists a pre-closed set F such that A⊆H.

Proof: Suppose that A is pgc*-closed and A⊆H and H is c*-open. Then pcl(A)⊆H. If we put F=pcl(A), then A⊆F⊆H. Conversely, assume that H is a c*-open set containing A. Then by hypothesis, there exists a pre-closed set F such that A⊆F⊆H. Since pcl(A) is the smallest pre- closed set containing A, we have pcl(A)⊆F. Then pcl(A)⊆H. Therefore, A is pgc*-closed.

Proposition: 3.26 If a subset A of a space X is pgc*-closed, then pcl(A)\A does not contain any non-empty regular open(resp. regular closed) set in X.

Proof: Suppose H is a regular open (resp. regular closed) set contained in pcl(A)\A and H±⊆. Since every regular open (resp. regular closed) set is c*-open, we have H is c*-open. Thus, H is a c*-open set contained in pcl(A)∖A. Then, by Proposition 3.19, H=Φ. This is a contradiction. Hence pcl(A)∖A does not contain any non-empty regular open (resp. regular closed) set in X.

Proposition: 3.27 Let X be a topological space and A be a subset of X. If A is regular open and pgc*-closed, then A is both pre-open and pre-closed.

Proof: Assume that A is regular open and pgc*-closed. Since every regular open set is c*- open, we have pcl(A)\A. Then A=pcl(A). This implies, A is pre-closed. Since A is regular open, we have A is pre-open. Hence A is both pre-open and pre-closed.

CONCLUSION

In this paper we have introduced pgc*-closed sets in topological spaces and studied some of its basic properties. Also, we have studied the relationship between pgc*-closed sets with some generalized sets in topological spaces.

REFERENCES

1. D. Andrijevic, On b-open sets, Mat. Vesnik, 48, 59-64 (1996).
2. S. P. Arya and T. Nour, Characterizations of s-normal spaces, Indian J. Pure. Appl. Math. 21(8), 717-719 (1990).
3. P. Bhattacharya and B. K. Lahiri, Semi-generalized closed sets in topology, Indian J. Math., 29(3), 375-382 (1987).
4. L. Elvina Mary and R. Myvizhi, (gs)*-closed sets in topological spaces, Int. J. Math. Trends and Technology, 7(2), 84-93 (2014).
5. Y.Gnanambal, On generalized pre-regular closed sets in topological spaces, Indian J. Pure Appl. Math., 28, 351-360 (1997).
6. D. Iyappan and N. Nagaveni, On semi generalized b-closed set, Nat. Sem. on Mat. and Comp. Sci., Proc.4. Jan (2010).
7. N. Levine, Semi-open sets and semi-continuity in topological space, Amer. Math. Monthly, 70, 39-41 (1963).
8. N. Levine, Generalized closed sets in topology, Rend. Circ. Math. Palermo, 19 (2), 89-94 (1970).
9. A.I. EL-Maghrabi and A.M. Zahran, Regular generalized-γ-closed sets in topological spaces, Int. Journal of Mathematics and Computing Applications, vol. 3, Nos. 1-2, 1-13 Jan-Dec (2011).
10. S. Malathi and S. Nithyanantha Jothi, On c*-open sets and generalized c*-closed sets in topological spaces, Acta Ciencia Indica, XLIIIM, No.2, 125, 125-133 (2017).
11. S. Malathi and S. Nithyanantha Jothi, On generalized c*-open sets and generalized c*- open maps in topological spaces, Int. J. Mathematics And its Applications, Vol. 5, issue 4- B, 121-127 (2017).
12. K. Mariappa, S. Sekar, On regular generalized b-closed set, Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, vol.7, No.13, 613-624 (2013).
13. A.S. Mashhour, M.E. Monsef and S.N. El-Deep, On precontinuous and weak precontinuous mapping, Proc. Math. Phy. Soc. Egypt, 53, 47-53 (1982).
14. N. Palaniappan, K.C. Rao, Regular generalized closed sets, Kyung-pook Math. J., 33, 211- 219 (1993).
15. M. Stone, Application of the theory of Boolean rings to general topology, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 41, 374-481 (1937).
16. P. Sundaram, M. Sheik John, On w-closed sets in topology, Acta Ciencia Indica, 4, 389- 392 (2000).
17. A. Vadivel and K. Vairamanickam, rgα-closed sets and rgα-open sets in topological spaces, Int. J. Math. Analysis, 3 (37), 1803-1819 (2009).
18. M.K.R.S. Veera kumar, On ĝ–closed sets in topological spaces, Bull. Allah. Math. Soc, 18, 99-112 (2003).
19. V. Zaitsav, On certain classes of topological spaces and their bicompactifications, Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR, 178, 778-779 (1968).